降解蒽嗜盐菌AD-3的筛选、降解特性及加氧酶基因的研究

蒽是典型的多环芳烃类环境污染物,属于美国EPA优先控制的16种多环芳烃类化合物,其在高盐环境下的生物降解备受关注.本研究从某石油污染的高盐土壤中成功筛选出了1株高效降解蒽的菌株,经过对其生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定并命名该菌株为Martelella sp.AD-3.该菌株在0.1%～10%的盐度和6.0～10.0的pH范围内,均能够降解蒽.其生长和降解蒽的优化条件是:蒽初始浓度25 mg·L-1、温度30℃、pH值9.0和盐度3%,在优化条件下培养6 d,蒽的降解率可达到94.6%.根据已报道的双加氧酶α亚基的同源性设计简并引物,通过巢式PCR扩增获得双加氧酶基因的部分序列307 bp(GenBank:JF823991.1),与海杆菌属Marinobacter sp.NCE312(AF295033)菌株萘双加氧酶大亚基的部分氨基酸序列同源性最高为95%.     

民用燃煤源中多环芳烃排放因子实测及其影响因素研究

民用燃煤是我国目前关注较多的多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)排放源.根据我国民用燃煤所涉及的煤种、燃烧方式和炉灶类型,利用全流稀释采样系统对5种不同成熟度的煤种,分别以散块煤和蜂窝煤形式在3种炉灶类型中燃烧产生的烟气进行了采样和分析,初步获取了我国民用燃煤烟气中PAHs排放因子(EFPAHs)的实测数据.结果表明,烟煤的EFPAHs在块煤燃烧方式下的变化范围为1.1～3.9 mg.kg-1,在蜂窝煤燃烧方式下的变化范围为2.5～21.1 mg.kg-1,无烟煤的EFPAHs在块煤与蜂窝煤燃烧方式下分别为0.2 mg.kg-1与0.6 mg.kg-1.在民用燃煤的EFPAHs的各种影响因素中,煤的地质成熟度起主导作用,不同成熟度煤种的EFPAHs差异幅度高达1～2个数量级.其次是燃烧形态(块煤/蜂窝煤),主要表现为同一种地质成熟度的煤在蜂窝煤燃烧方式下排放的PAHs比块煤高2～6倍.炉灶类型的影响最小.     

中国与印度典型城市道路街尘中多环芳烃与黑碳的对比研究

为探讨城市道路街尘中多环芳烃(PAHs)和黑碳(BC)的分布特征,2007年12月～2009年2月,分别在中国的北京、上海、广州和武汉以及印度的加尔各答采集了城市主干道的街尘.样品处理后分别用GC-MS和元素分析仪进行测定.结果表明,中国主要城市道路街尘中PAHs的含量范围为2.30～22.2μg.g-1,主要是以荧蒽、菲、芘、、苯并(b)荧蒽和苯并(ghi)苝为主要的多环芳烃化合物.印度加尔各答PAHs的含量范围为4.85～30.5μg.g-1,呈现出以2环的萘为主要的PAHs化合物.BC在中国主要城市道路街尘中的含量值高于印度的加尔各答,说明了2个国家可能的不同能源结构和能源消耗.相关分析表明,PAHs与BC在不同的城市显示出不同的特点,可能指示了不同的来源.特征比值法表明城市街尘中的PAHs主要来源于机动车排放,其次来源于燃煤.     

典型持久性有机污染物在翅碱蓬中的分布特征

碱蓬是潮间带的常见优势种群,为了解其在持久性有机污染物从陆域向海洋迁移中所起的作用,利用GC-MS研究了东营和营口潮间带盐沼植物翅碱蓬不同器官及根系土中有机氯农药(OCPs)、多环芳烃(PAHs)、十溴联苯醚(BDE209)和多氯联苯(PCBs)的含量和分布特征.结果表明,4类持久性有机污染物在翅碱蓬中的污染水平依次为ΣPAHsΣOCPsBDE209ΣPCBs(96～1506ng/g、14～577ng/g、1.8～33ng/g和399～2161pg/g).营口潮间带沉积物中OCPs、PAHs和PCBs的污染水平高于东营,但这3类污染物在两地潮间带翅碱蓬叶子中的含量水平相当.OCPs在两地翅碱蓬各器官中的分布相同,即茎根叶,PAHs和PCBs2种污染物受根系土中有机质含量的影响,在翅碱蓬器官中呈现不同的分布.BDE209在东营潮间带的污染水平(19.7ng/g)高于营口(2.36ng/g),在碱蓬器官中呈现不同分布.     

Development of analytical methods for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） in airborne particulates： A review

In the present work, the different sample collection, pretreatment and analytical methods for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） in airborne particulates is systematacially reviewed, and the applications of these pretreatment and analytical methods for PAHs are compared in detail. Some comments on the future expectation are also presented.     

Leaching of styrene and other aromatic compounds in drinking water from PS bottles

Bottled water may not be safer, or healthier, than tap water. The present studies have proved that styrene and some other aromatic compounds leach continuously from polystyrene （PS） bottles used locally for packaging. Water sapmles in contact with PS were extracted by a preconcentration technique called as ＂purge and trap＂ and analysed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer （GC/MS）. Eleven aromatic compounds were identified in these studies. Maximum concentration of styrene in PS bottles was 29.5 μg/L. Apart from styrene, ethyl benzene, toluene and benzene were also quantified but their concentrations were much less than WHO guide line values. All other compounds were in traces. Quality of plastic and storage time were the major factor in leaching of styrene. Concentration of styrene was increased to 69.53 μg/L after one-year storage. In Styrofoam and PS cups studies, hot water was found to be contaminated with styrene and other aromatic compounds. It was observed that temperature played a major role in the leaching of styrene monomer from Styrofoam cups. Paper cups were found to be safe for hot drinks.     

Adsorption thermodynamics and kinetic investigation of aromatic amphoteric compounds onto different polymeric adsorbents

The adsorption behavior of p-aminobenzoic acid and o-aminobenzoic acid onto the different polymeric adsorbents was systematically investigated as a function of the solution concentration and temperature.Experimental results indicated that the equilibrium adsorption data of the four polymeric adsorbents fitted well in the Freundlich isotherm.The adsorption capacity of multi-functional polymeric adsorbent NJ-99 was the highest,which might be attributed to the strong hydrogen-bonding interaction between the amino groups on the resin and the carboxyl group of aminobenzoic acid.The adsorption capacity of o-aminobenzoic acid onto any adsorbent was higher than p-aminobenzoic acid.Thermodynamic studies suggested the exothermic,spontaneous physical adsorption process.Adsorption kinetics results showed that the adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics model and the intraparticle mass transfer process was the rate-controlling step.     

青岛近海沉积物中多环芳烃、多氯联苯和有机氯农药的含量和分布特征

利用气相色谱/质谱方法对青岛近海表层沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)和有机氯农药(OCPs)进行了测定,并分析了PAHs、PCBs和OCPs的分布特征.结果表明,PAHs、PCBs和OCPs的均值分别为684.80、6.87和13.52ng·g-1,含量变化均呈近岸高、远岸低的分布规律.燃料的高温燃烧排放对本研究海域沉积物中PAHs有较大贡献;PCBs主要来源于工业及生活排放,但已受到控制;沉积物中HCHs存在工业和农业双重污染源输入,DDT主要是由于历史上使用农药造成,且在表层沉积物中受到好氧微生物降解.与国内外同类研究结果相比,调查海域沉积物中PAHs、PCBs和OCPs的污染程度及生态风险均处于较低水平.     

TiO2 nanotubes as solid-phase extraction adsorbent for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental water samples

An analytical method based on TiO2 nanotubes solid-phase extraction (SPE) combined with gas chromatography (GC) was established for the analysis of seven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): acenaphtylene, acenaphthene, anthracene, fluorene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene. Factors a ecting the extraction e ciency including the eluent type and its volume, adsorbent amount, sample volume, sample pH and sample flow rate were optimized. The characteristic data of analytical performance were determined to investigate the sensitivity and precision of the method. Under the optimized extraction conditions, the method showed good linearity in the range of 0.01–0.8 g/mL, repeatability of the extraction (RSD were between 6.7% and 13.5%, n = 5) and satisfactory detection limits (0.017–0.059 ng/mL). The developed method was successfully applied to the analysis of surface water (tap, river and dam) samples. The recoveries of PAHs spiked in environmental water samples ranged from 90% to 100%. All the results indicated the potential application of titanate nanotubes as solid-phase extraction adsorbents to pre-treat water samples.     

Sedimentary record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Lake Erhai, Southwest China

The temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was investigated in a sediment core from Lake Erhal in Southwest China using gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method.The total organic carbon (TOC) normalized total PAHs concentrations (sum of US Environmental Protection Agency proposed 16 priority PAHs) ranged from 31.9 to 269 μg/g dry weight (dw),and were characterized by a slowly increasing stage in the deeper sediments and a sharp increasing stage in the upper sediments.The PAHs in the sediments were dominated by low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs,suggesting that the primary source of PAHs was low- and moderate temperature combustion processes.However,both the significant increase in high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs in the upper sediments and the vertical profile of diagnostic ratios pointed out a change in the sources of PAHs from low-temperature combustion to high-temperature combustion.The ecotoxicological assessment based on consensus-based sediment quality guidelines implied that potential adverse biological impacts were possible for benzo(ghi)perylenelene and most LMW PAHs.In addition,the total BaP equivalent quotient of seven carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (BaA,CHr,BbF,BkF,BaP,DBA and INP) was 106.1 ng/g,according to the toxic equivalency factors.Although there was no great biological impact associated with the HMW PAlls,great attention should be paid to these PAH components based on their rapid increase in the upper sediments.